Python code coverage for Lib/distutils/_msvccompiler.py

#	count	content
1	n/a	"""distutils._msvccompiler
2	n/a
3	n/a	Contains MSVCCompiler, an implementation of the abstract CCompiler class
4	n/a	for Microsoft Visual Studio 2015.
5	n/a
6	n/a	The module is compatible with VS 2015 and later. You can find legacy support
7	n/a	for older versions in distutils.msvc9compiler and distutils.msvccompiler.
8	n/a	"""
9	n/a
10	n/a	# Written by Perry Stoll
11	n/a	# hacked by Robin Becker and Thomas Heller to do a better job of
12	n/a	# finding DevStudio (through the registry)
13	n/a	# ported to VS 2005 and VS 2008 by Christian Heimes
14	n/a	# ported to VS 2015 by Steve Dower
15	n/a
16	n/a	import os
17	n/a	import shutil
18	n/a	import stat
19	n/a	import subprocess
20	n/a
21	n/a	from distutils.errors import DistutilsExecError, DistutilsPlatformError, \
22	n/a	CompileError, LibError, LinkError
23	n/a	from distutils.ccompiler import CCompiler, gen_lib_options
24	n/a	from distutils import log
25	n/a	from distutils.util import get_platform
26	n/a
27	n/a	import winreg
28	n/a	from itertools import count
29	n/a
30	n/a	def _find_vcvarsall(plat_spec):
31	n/a	try:
32	n/a	key = winreg.OpenKeyEx(
33	n/a	winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE,
34	n/a	r"Software\Microsoft\VisualStudio\SxS\VC7",
35	n/a	access=winreg.KEY_READ \| winreg.KEY_WOW64_32KEY
36	n/a	)
37	n/a	except OSError:
38	n/a	log.debug("Visual C++ is not registered")
39	n/a	return None, None
40	n/a
41	n/a	with key:
42	n/a	best_version = 0
43	n/a	best_dir = None
44	n/a	for i in count():
45	n/a	try:
46	n/a	v, vc_dir, vt = winreg.EnumValue(key, i)
47	n/a	except OSError:
48	n/a	break
49	n/a	if v and vt == winreg.REG_SZ and os.path.isdir(vc_dir):
50	n/a	try:
51	n/a	version = int(float(v))
52	n/a	except (ValueError, TypeError):
53	n/a	continue
54	n/a	if version >= 14 and version > best_version:
55	n/a	best_version, best_dir = version, vc_dir
56	n/a	if not best_version:
57	n/a	log.debug("No suitable Visual C++ version found")
58	n/a	return None, None
59	n/a
60	n/a	vcvarsall = os.path.join(best_dir, "vcvarsall.bat")
61	n/a	if not os.path.isfile(vcvarsall):
62	n/a	log.debug("%s cannot be found", vcvarsall)
63	n/a	return None, None
64	n/a
65	n/a	vcruntime = None
66	n/a	vcruntime_spec = _VCVARS_PLAT_TO_VCRUNTIME_REDIST.get(plat_spec)
67	n/a	if vcruntime_spec:
68	n/a	vcruntime = os.path.join(best_dir,
69	n/a	vcruntime_spec.format(best_version))
70	n/a	if not os.path.isfile(vcruntime):
71	n/a	log.debug("%s cannot be found", vcruntime)
72	n/a	vcruntime = None
73	n/a
74	n/a	return vcvarsall, vcruntime
75	n/a
76	n/a	def _get_vc_env(plat_spec):
77	n/a	if os.getenv("DISTUTILS_USE_SDK"):
78	n/a	return {
79	n/a	key.lower(): value
80	n/a	for key, value in os.environ.items()
81	n/a	}
82	n/a
83	n/a	vcvarsall, vcruntime = _find_vcvarsall(plat_spec)
84	n/a	if not vcvarsall:
85	n/a	raise DistutilsPlatformError("Unable to find vcvarsall.bat")
86	n/a
87	n/a	try:
88	n/a	out = subprocess.check_output(
89	n/a	'cmd /u /c "{}" {} && set'.format(vcvarsall, plat_spec),
90	n/a	stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
91	n/a	).decode('utf-16le', errors='replace')
92	n/a	except subprocess.CalledProcessError as exc:
93	n/a	log.error(exc.output)
94	n/a	raise DistutilsPlatformError("Error executing {}"
95	n/a	.format(exc.cmd))
96	n/a
97	n/a	env = {
98	n/a	key.lower(): value
99	n/a	for key, _, value in
100	n/a	(line.partition('=') for line in out.splitlines())
101	n/a	if key and value
102	n/a	}
103	n/a
104	n/a	if vcruntime:
105	n/a	env['py_vcruntime_redist'] = vcruntime
106	n/a	return env
107	n/a
108	n/a	def _find_exe(exe, paths=None):
109	n/a	"""Return path to an MSVC executable program.
110	n/a
111	n/a	Tries to find the program in several places: first, one of the
112	n/a	MSVC program search paths from the registry; next, the directories
113	n/a	in the PATH environment variable. If any of those work, return an
114	n/a	absolute path that is known to exist. If none of them work, just
115	n/a	return the original program name, 'exe'.
116	n/a	"""
117	n/a	if not paths:
118	n/a	paths = os.getenv('path').split(os.pathsep)
119	n/a	for p in paths:
120	n/a	fn = os.path.join(os.path.abspath(p), exe)
121	n/a	if os.path.isfile(fn):
122	n/a	return fn
123	n/a	return exe
124	n/a
125	n/a	# A map keyed by get_platform() return values to values accepted by
126	n/a	# 'vcvarsall.bat'. Always cross-compile from x86 to work with the
127	n/a	# lighter-weight MSVC installs that do not include native 64-bit tools.
128	n/a	PLAT_TO_VCVARS = {
129	n/a	'win32' : 'x86',
130	n/a	'win-amd64' : 'x86_amd64',
131	n/a	}
132	n/a
133	n/a	# A map keyed by get_platform() return values to the file under
134	n/a	# the VC install directory containing the vcruntime redistributable.
135	n/a	_VCVARS_PLAT_TO_VCRUNTIME_REDIST = {
136	n/a	'x86' : 'redist\\x86\\Microsoft.VC{0}0.CRT\\vcruntime{0}0.dll',
137	n/a	'amd64' : 'redist\\x64\\Microsoft.VC{0}0.CRT\\vcruntime{0}0.dll',
138	n/a	'x86_amd64' : 'redist\\x64\\Microsoft.VC{0}0.CRT\\vcruntime{0}0.dll',
139	n/a	}
140	n/a
141	n/a	# A set containing the DLLs that are guaranteed to be available for
142	n/a	# all micro versions of this Python version. Known extension
143	n/a	# dependencies that are not in this set will be copied to the output
144	n/a	# path.
145	n/a	_BUNDLED_DLLS = frozenset(['vcruntime140.dll'])
146	n/a
147	n/a	class MSVCCompiler(CCompiler) :
148	n/a	"""Concrete class that implements an interface to Microsoft Visual C++,
149	n/a	as defined by the CCompiler abstract class."""
150	n/a
151	n/a	compiler_type = 'msvc'
152	n/a
153	n/a	# Just set this so CCompiler's constructor doesn't barf. We currently
154	n/a	# don't use the 'set_executables()' bureaucracy provided by CCompiler,
155	n/a	# as it really isn't necessary for this sort of single-compiler class.
156	n/a	# Would be nice to have a consistent interface with UnixCCompiler,
157	n/a	# though, so it's worth thinking about.
158	n/a	executables = {}
159	n/a
160	n/a	# Private class data (need to distinguish C from C++ source for compiler)
161	n/a	_c_extensions = ['.c']
162	n/a	_cpp_extensions = ['.cc', '.cpp', '.cxx']
163	n/a	_rc_extensions = ['.rc']
164	n/a	_mc_extensions = ['.mc']
165	n/a
166	n/a	# Needed for the filename generation methods provided by the
167	n/a	# base class, CCompiler.
168	n/a	src_extensions = (_c_extensions + _cpp_extensions +
169	n/a	_rc_extensions + _mc_extensions)
170	n/a	res_extension = '.res'
171	n/a	obj_extension = '.obj'
172	n/a	static_lib_extension = '.lib'
173	n/a	shared_lib_extension = '.dll'
174	n/a	static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = '%s%s'
175	n/a	exe_extension = '.exe'
176	n/a
177	n/a
178	n/a	def __init__(self, verbose=0, dry_run=0, force=0):
179	n/a	CCompiler.__init__ (self, verbose, dry_run, force)
180	n/a	# target platform (.plat_name is consistent with 'bdist')
181	n/a	self.plat_name = None
182	n/a	self.initialized = False
183	n/a
184	n/a	def initialize(self, plat_name=None):
185	n/a	# multi-init means we would need to check platform same each time...
186	n/a	assert not self.initialized, "don't init multiple times"
187	n/a	if plat_name is None:
188	n/a	plat_name = get_platform()
189	n/a	# sanity check for platforms to prevent obscure errors later.
190	n/a	if plat_name not in PLAT_TO_VCVARS:
191	n/a	raise DistutilsPlatformError("--plat-name must be one of {}"
192	n/a	.format(tuple(PLAT_TO_VCVARS)))
193	n/a
194	n/a	# Get the vcvarsall.bat spec for the requested platform.
195	n/a	plat_spec = PLAT_TO_VCVARS[plat_name]
196	n/a
197	n/a	vc_env = _get_vc_env(plat_spec)
198	n/a	if not vc_env:
199	n/a	raise DistutilsPlatformError("Unable to find a compatible "
200	n/a	"Visual Studio installation.")
201	n/a
202	n/a	self._paths = vc_env.get('path', '')
203	n/a	paths = self._paths.split(os.pathsep)
204	n/a	self.cc = _find_exe("cl.exe", paths)
205	n/a	self.linker = _find_exe("link.exe", paths)
206	n/a	self.lib = _find_exe("lib.exe", paths)
207	n/a	self.rc = _find_exe("rc.exe", paths) # resource compiler
208	n/a	self.mc = _find_exe("mc.exe", paths) # message compiler
209	n/a	self.mt = _find_exe("mt.exe", paths) # message compiler
210	n/a	self._vcruntime_redist = vc_env.get('py_vcruntime_redist', '')
211	n/a
212	n/a	for dir in vc_env.get('include', '').split(os.pathsep):
213	n/a	if dir:
214	n/a	self.add_include_dir(dir)
215	n/a
216	n/a	for dir in vc_env.get('lib', '').split(os.pathsep):
217	n/a	if dir:
218	n/a	self.add_library_dir(dir)
219	n/a
220	n/a	self.preprocess_options = None
221	n/a	# If vcruntime_redist is available, link against it dynamically. Otherwise,
222	n/a	# use /MT[d] to build statically, then switch from libucrt[d].lib to ucrt[d].lib
223	n/a	# later to dynamically link to ucrtbase but not vcruntime.
224	n/a	self.compile_options = [
225	n/a	'/nologo', '/Ox', '/W3', '/GL', '/DNDEBUG'
226	n/a	]
227	n/a	self.compile_options.append('/MD' if self._vcruntime_redist else '/MT')
228	n/a
229	n/a	self.compile_options_debug = [
230	n/a	'/nologo', '/Od', '/MDd', '/Zi', '/W3', '/D_DEBUG'
231	n/a	]
232	n/a
233	n/a	ldflags = [
234	n/a	'/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:NO', '/LTCG'
235	n/a	]
236	n/a	if not self._vcruntime_redist:
237	n/a	ldflags.extend(('/nodefaultlib:libucrt.lib', 'ucrt.lib'))
238	n/a
239	n/a	ldflags_debug = [
240	n/a	'/nologo', '/INCREMENTAL:NO', '/LTCG', '/DEBUG:FULL'
241	n/a	]
242	n/a
243	n/a	self.ldflags_exe = [*ldflags, '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=1']
244	n/a	self.ldflags_exe_debug = [*ldflags_debug, '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=1']
245	n/a	self.ldflags_shared = [*ldflags, '/DLL', '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=2', '/MANIFESTUAC:NO']
246	n/a	self.ldflags_shared_debug = [*ldflags_debug, '/DLL', '/MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=2', '/MANIFESTUAC:NO']
247	n/a	self.ldflags_static = [*ldflags]
248	n/a	self.ldflags_static_debug = [*ldflags_debug]
249	n/a
250	n/a	self._ldflags = {
251	n/a	(CCompiler.EXECUTABLE, None): self.ldflags_exe,
252	n/a	(CCompiler.EXECUTABLE, False): self.ldflags_exe,
253	n/a	(CCompiler.EXECUTABLE, True): self.ldflags_exe_debug,
254	n/a	(CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT, None): self.ldflags_shared,
255	n/a	(CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT, False): self.ldflags_shared,
256	n/a	(CCompiler.SHARED_OBJECT, True): self.ldflags_shared_debug,
257	n/a	(CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY, None): self.ldflags_static,
258	n/a	(CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY, False): self.ldflags_static,
259	n/a	(CCompiler.SHARED_LIBRARY, True): self.ldflags_static_debug,
260	n/a	}
261	n/a
262	n/a	self.initialized = True
263	n/a
264	n/a	# -- Worker methods ------------------------------------------------
265	n/a
266	n/a	def object_filenames(self,
267	n/a	source_filenames,
268	n/a	strip_dir=0,
269	n/a	output_dir=''):
270	n/a	ext_map = {
271	n/a	**{ext: self.obj_extension for ext in self.src_extensions},
272	n/a	**{ext: self.res_extension for ext in self._rc_extensions + self._mc_extensions},
273	n/a	}
274	n/a
275	n/a	output_dir = output_dir or ''
276	n/a
277	n/a	def make_out_path(p):
278	n/a	base, ext = os.path.splitext(p)
279	n/a	if strip_dir:
280	n/a	base = os.path.basename(base)
281	n/a	else:
282	n/a	_, base = os.path.splitdrive(base)
283	n/a	if base.startswith((os.path.sep, os.path.altsep)):
284	n/a	base = base[1:]
285	n/a	try:
286	n/a	# XXX: This may produce absurdly long paths. We should check
287	n/a	# the length of the result and trim base until we fit within
288	n/a	# 260 characters.
289	n/a	return os.path.join(output_dir, base + ext_map[ext])
290	n/a	except LookupError:
291	n/a	# Better to raise an exception instead of silently continuing
292	n/a	# and later complain about sources and targets having
293	n/a	# different lengths
294	n/a	raise CompileError("Don't know how to compile {}".format(p))
295	n/a
296	n/a	return list(map(make_out_path, source_filenames))
297	n/a
298	n/a
299	n/a	def compile(self, sources,
300	n/a	output_dir=None, macros=None, include_dirs=None, debug=0,
301	n/a	extra_preargs=None, extra_postargs=None, depends=None):
302	n/a
303	n/a	if not self.initialized:
304	n/a	self.initialize()
305	n/a	compile_info = self._setup_compile(output_dir, macros, include_dirs,
306	n/a	sources, depends, extra_postargs)
307	n/a	macros, objects, extra_postargs, pp_opts, build = compile_info
308	n/a
309	n/a	compile_opts = extra_preargs or []
310	n/a	compile_opts.append('/c')
311	n/a	if debug:
312	n/a	compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options_debug)
313	n/a	else:
314	n/a	compile_opts.extend(self.compile_options)
315	n/a
316	n/a
317	n/a	add_cpp_opts = False
318	n/a
319	n/a	for obj in objects:
320	n/a	try:
321	n/a	src, ext = build[obj]
322	n/a	except KeyError:
323	n/a	continue
324	n/a	if debug:
325	n/a	# pass the full pathname to MSVC in debug mode,
326	n/a	# this allows the debugger to find the source file
327	n/a	# without asking the user to browse for it
328	n/a	src = os.path.abspath(src)
329	n/a
330	n/a	if ext in self._c_extensions:
331	n/a	input_opt = "/Tc" + src
332	n/a	elif ext in self._cpp_extensions:
333	n/a	input_opt = "/Tp" + src
334	n/a	add_cpp_opts = True
335	n/a	elif ext in self._rc_extensions:
336	n/a	# compile .RC to .RES file
337	n/a	input_opt = src
338	n/a	output_opt = "/fo" + obj
339	n/a	try:
340	n/a	self.spawn([self.rc] + pp_opts + [output_opt, input_opt])
341	n/a	except DistutilsExecError as msg:
342	n/a	raise CompileError(msg)
343	n/a	continue
344	n/a	elif ext in self._mc_extensions:
345	n/a	# Compile .MC to .RC file to .RES file.
346	n/a	# * '-h dir' specifies the directory for the
347	n/a	# generated include file
348	n/a	# * '-r dir' specifies the target directory of the
349	n/a	# generated RC file and the binary message resource
350	n/a	# it includes
351	n/a	#
352	n/a	# For now (since there are no options to change this),
353	n/a	# we use the source-directory for the include file and
354	n/a	# the build directory for the RC file and message
355	n/a	# resources. This works at least for win32all.
356	n/a	h_dir = os.path.dirname(src)
357	n/a	rc_dir = os.path.dirname(obj)
358	n/a	try:
359	n/a	# first compile .MC to .RC and .H file
360	n/a	self.spawn([self.mc, '-h', h_dir, '-r', rc_dir, src])
361	n/a	base, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename (src))
362	n/a	rc_file = os.path.join(rc_dir, base + '.rc')
363	n/a	# then compile .RC to .RES file
364	n/a	self.spawn([self.rc, "/fo" + obj, rc_file])
365	n/a
366	n/a	except DistutilsExecError as msg:
367	n/a	raise CompileError(msg)
368	n/a	continue
369	n/a	else:
370	n/a	# how to handle this file?
371	n/a	raise CompileError("Don't know how to compile {} to {}"
372	n/a	.format(src, obj))
373	n/a
374	n/a	args = [self.cc] + compile_opts + pp_opts
375	n/a	if add_cpp_opts:
376	n/a	args.append('/EHsc')
377	n/a	args.append(input_opt)
378	n/a	args.append("/Fo" + obj)
379	n/a	args.extend(extra_postargs)
380	n/a
381	n/a	try:
382	n/a	self.spawn(args)
383	n/a	except DistutilsExecError as msg:
384	n/a	raise CompileError(msg)
385	n/a
386	n/a	return objects
387	n/a
388	n/a
389	n/a	def create_static_lib(self,
390	n/a	objects,
391	n/a	output_libname,
392	n/a	output_dir=None,
393	n/a	debug=0,
394	n/a	target_lang=None):
395	n/a
396	n/a	if not self.initialized:
397	n/a	self.initialize()
398	n/a	objects, output_dir = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
399	n/a	output_filename = self.library_filename(output_libname,
400	n/a	output_dir=output_dir)
401	n/a
402	n/a	if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
403	n/a	lib_args = objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename]
404	n/a	if debug:
405	n/a	pass # XXX what goes here?
406	n/a	try:
407	n/a	log.debug('Executing "%s" %s', self.lib, ' '.join(lib_args))
408	n/a	self.spawn([self.lib] + lib_args)
409	n/a	except DistutilsExecError as msg:
410	n/a	raise LibError(msg)
411	n/a	else:
412	n/a	log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
413	n/a
414	n/a
415	n/a	def link(self,
416	n/a	target_desc,
417	n/a	objects,
418	n/a	output_filename,
419	n/a	output_dir=None,
420	n/a	libraries=None,
421	n/a	library_dirs=None,
422	n/a	runtime_library_dirs=None,
423	n/a	export_symbols=None,
424	n/a	debug=0,
425	n/a	extra_preargs=None,
426	n/a	extra_postargs=None,
427	n/a	build_temp=None,
428	n/a	target_lang=None):
429	n/a
430	n/a	if not self.initialized:
431	n/a	self.initialize()
432	n/a	objects, output_dir = self._fix_object_args(objects, output_dir)
433	n/a	fixed_args = self._fix_lib_args(libraries, library_dirs,
434	n/a	runtime_library_dirs)
435	n/a	libraries, library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs = fixed_args
436	n/a
437	n/a	if runtime_library_dirs:
438	n/a	self.warn("I don't know what to do with 'runtime_library_dirs': "
439	n/a	+ str(runtime_library_dirs))
440	n/a
441	n/a	lib_opts = gen_lib_options(self,
442	n/a	library_dirs, runtime_library_dirs,
443	n/a	libraries)
444	n/a	if output_dir is not None:
445	n/a	output_filename = os.path.join(output_dir, output_filename)
446	n/a
447	n/a	if self._need_link(objects, output_filename):
448	n/a	ldflags = self._ldflags[target_desc, debug]
449	n/a
450	n/a	export_opts = ["/EXPORT:" + sym for sym in (export_symbols or [])]
451	n/a
452	n/a	ld_args = (ldflags + lib_opts + export_opts +
453	n/a	objects + ['/OUT:' + output_filename])
454	n/a
455	n/a	# The MSVC linker generates .lib and .exp files, which cannot be
456	n/a	# suppressed by any linker switches. The .lib files may even be
457	n/a	# needed! Make sure they are generated in the temporary build
458	n/a	# directory. Since they have different names for debug and release
459	n/a	# builds, they can go into the same directory.
460	n/a	build_temp = os.path.dirname(objects[0])
461	n/a	if export_symbols is not None:
462	n/a	(dll_name, dll_ext) = os.path.splitext(
463	n/a	os.path.basename(output_filename))
464	n/a	implib_file = os.path.join(
465	n/a	build_temp,
466	n/a	self.library_filename(dll_name))
467	n/a	ld_args.append ('/IMPLIB:' + implib_file)
468	n/a
469	n/a	if extra_preargs:
470	n/a	ld_args[:0] = extra_preargs
471	n/a	if extra_postargs:
472	n/a	ld_args.extend(extra_postargs)
473	n/a
474	n/a	output_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(output_filename))
475	n/a	self.mkpath(output_dir)
476	n/a	try:
477	n/a	log.debug('Executing "%s" %s', self.linker, ' '.join(ld_args))
478	n/a	self.spawn([self.linker] + ld_args)
479	n/a	self._copy_vcruntime(output_dir)
480	n/a	except DistutilsExecError as msg:
481	n/a	raise LinkError(msg)
482	n/a	else:
483	n/a	log.debug("skipping %s (up-to-date)", output_filename)
484	n/a
485	n/a	def _copy_vcruntime(self, output_dir):
486	n/a	vcruntime = self._vcruntime_redist
487	n/a	if not vcruntime or not os.path.isfile(vcruntime):
488	n/a	return
489	n/a
490	n/a	if os.path.basename(vcruntime).lower() in _BUNDLED_DLLS:
491	n/a	return
492	n/a
493	n/a	log.debug('Copying "%s"', vcruntime)
494	n/a	vcruntime = shutil.copy(vcruntime, output_dir)
495	n/a	os.chmod(vcruntime, stat.S_IWRITE)
496	n/a
497	n/a	def spawn(self, cmd):
498	n/a	old_path = os.getenv('path')
499	n/a	try:
500	n/a	os.environ['path'] = self._paths
501	n/a	return super().spawn(cmd)
502	n/a	finally:
503	n/a	os.environ['path'] = old_path
504	n/a
505	n/a	# -- Miscellaneous methods -----------------------------------------
506	n/a	# These are all used by the 'gen_lib_options() function, in
507	n/a	# ccompiler.py.
508	n/a
509	n/a	def library_dir_option(self, dir):
510	n/a	return "/LIBPATH:" + dir
511	n/a
512	n/a	def runtime_library_dir_option(self, dir):
513	n/a	raise DistutilsPlatformError(
514	n/a	"don't know how to set runtime library search path for MSVC")
515	n/a
516	n/a	def library_option(self, lib):
517	n/a	return self.library_filename(lib)
518	n/a
519	n/a	def find_library_file(self, dirs, lib, debug=0):
520	n/a	# Prefer a debugging library if found (and requested), but deal
521	n/a	# with it if we don't have one.
522	n/a	if debug:
523	n/a	try_names = [lib + "_d", lib]
524	n/a	else:
525	n/a	try_names = [lib]
526	n/a	for dir in dirs:
527	n/a	for name in try_names:
528	n/a	libfile = os.path.join(dir, self.library_filename(name))
529	n/a	if os.path.isfile(libfile):
530	n/a	return libfile
531	n/a	else:
532	n/a	# Oops, didn't find it in any of 'dirs'
533	n/a	return None